Approche cognitive pour l'intégration des outils de la géomatique en sciences de l'environnement modélisation et évaluation

Cette thèse s'est intéressée à l'intégration des Systèmes d'Information Géographique, dans les domaines de la formation en géosciences appliquées et sciences de l'environnement. L'étude de cette intégration et des difficultés qui l'accompagnent, s'est articulée autour de trois dimensions : 1. une dimension cognitive, pour explorer les approches et les méthodes qui permettent d'étudier la façon de raisonner d'utilisateurs expérimentés ou novices, face à la résolution de problèmes spatiaux avec les SIG ; 2. une dimension didactique pour, à partir des différences entre les raisonnements des experts et des novices, identifier et intégrer les démarches expertes utilisables dans les stratégies de résolution des apprenants ; 3. une dimension pédagogique, pour concevoir, en s'appuyant sur les acquis cognitifs et didactiques, des dispositifs de formation innovateurs, en adéquation avec les demandes du monde professionnel. Afin de limiter notre champ d'étude, il a été nécessaire d'effectuer une analyse des pratiques de cartographie et SIG dans les domaines des Géosciences et de l'Ingénierie de l'Environnement et effecteur des choix pertinentes dans une perspective pédagogique, professionnelle et sociétale. Nous nous sommes intéressés à une activité de cartographie particulière : la cartographie d'aptitude réalisée avec des méthodes d'analyses spatiales multicritères pour la localisation de site(s) apte(s) à répondre à une problématique environnementale. En effet, cette méthode implique, d'un point de vue pédagogique, une approche progressive et complète à l'usage des SIG. Elle a un caractère professionnalisant, car elle est d'usage dans les projets environnementaux et, enfin, elle appuie le débat sur les choix territoriaux qui impliquent des prises de décisions. C'est lors de la réalisation de cette activité de cartographie d'aptitude que différents types d'utilisateurs ont été observés : des experts et des étudiants issus de notre entourage académique et professionnel. Nous avons élaboré un protocole expérimental exploratoire qui a permis de recueillir des données écrites et orales. Les analyses des données issues de la phase expérimentale ont été guidées par les cadres qui relèvent des sciences cognitives : sur le plan théorique, pour la définition des mécanismes visuo-cognitifs impliqués dans les raisonnements, et sur le plan méthodologique pour l'approche qualitative et quantitative d'analyse de données verbales. En termes de résultats, des composants des processus de raisonnement qui interviennent dans la réalisation et perception de la carte d'aptitude, ont été identifiés. De plus, les différences d'occurrences d'actions, d'opérations et de concepts mobilisés par les experts et les novices dans le même contexte, ont pu être mesurées. La comparaison des différentes stratégies adoptées par les expertes et par les étudiants a permis ensuite de ré-penser les dispositifs de formation, avec des aides didactiques qui ciblent les lacunes des étudiants. Le vrai défi de cette thèse a été l'apport pluridisciplinaire à la cartographie et aux SIG dans les Sciences de l'Information Géographique. En apportant des connaissances de la psychologie cognitive, de la didactique des sciences et des sciences de l'éducation, cette thèse a contribué à une meilleure compréhension de certains processus de représentations et d'appropriation des SIG, lors de la production cartographique et de son interprétation. Cette compréhension peut contribuer à améliorer les représentations ou à en proposer de nouvelles, favorisant ainsi la construction de la connaissance spatiale.This thesis concerns the integration of GIS mapping tools and analysis in training curricula of applied geosciences and environmental sciences. This study focuses on three dimensions: 1. a cognitive dimension, in order to explore the way of thinking of experienced and novice users when solving spatial problems with GIS; 2. an instructional dimension, in order to identify and integrate the expert methods in the resolution strategies of learners; 3. an educational dimension in order to design, based on cognitive achievement, innovative training tools in line with the demands of the working world. To limit the scope of our study, it was necessary to perform an analysis of the practices of mapping and GIS in the areas of Geosciences and Environmental Engineering. It was also necessary to make relevant choices in a professional, educational and societal perspective. We were interested in a particular kind of mapping: GIS-bases land-use suitability mapping, with multi criteria spatial analysis methods. Indeed, this method involves, from a pedagogical point of view, a progressive and comprehensive approach to the use of GIS. It has a professionalizing nature, as it is common practice in environmental projects. Finally, it supports the debate on territorial choices that involve decision making. Different types of users have been observed: experts and students from our academic and professional environment. We performed an exploratory experimental protocol that allowed collecting written and verbal data. Data analyses were supported by theoretical frameworks that fall within the cognitive sciences, especially on visual-cognitive processes involved in reasoning. In terms of methodology, we used the quantitative-based qualitative approach for verbal data analysis. Regarding the results, some components of reasoning involved in the production and perception of the suitability map have been identified. Moreover, differences of instances of actions, operations and concepts used by experts and novices could be measured. Comparing the different strategies adopted by the expert and the students enabled us to re-think the training tools, with instructional aids that target gaps in students' abilities. The real challenge of this thesis was the multidisciplinary contribution to mapping and GIS in Geographic Information Science. Providing knowledge of cognitive psychology and science education, this thesis has contributed to a better understanding of some processes in GIS representation and appropriation. This understanding can improve performances on representations, or propose new ones, thus fostering spatial knowledge.SAVOIE-SCD - Bib.électronique (730659901) / SudocGRENOBLE1/INP-Bib.électronique (384210012) / SudocGRENOBLE2/3-Bib.électronique (384219901) / SudocSudocFranceF

GEL: Exploring Game Enhanced Learning

AbstractA brief presentation is given of the objectives and activities pursed in GEL (Game Enhanced Learning), a Theme Team initiative financed by the STELLAR Network of Excellence in Technology Enhanced Learning (TEL) during year 2011 - 2012. Some of GEL's main outputs relevant to the Serious Games research field are also outlined

Chaos and Universality in a Four-Dimensional Spin Glass

We present a finite size scaling analysis of Monte Carlo simulation results on a four dimensional Ising spin glass. We study chaos with both coupling and temperature perturbations, and find the same chaos exponent in each case. Chaos is investigated both at the critical temperature and below where it seems to be more efficient (larger exponent). Dimension four seems to be above the critical dimension where chaos with temperature is no more present in the critical region. Our results are consistent with the Gaussian and bimodal coupling distributions being in the same universality class.Comment: 11 pages, including 6 postscript figures. Latex with revtex macro

Chaos in a Two-Dimensional Ising Spin Glass

We study chaos in a two dimensional Ising spin glass by finite temperature Monte Carlo simulations. We are able to detect chaos with respect to temperature changes as well as chaos with respect to changing the bonds, and find that the chaos exponents for these two cases are equal. Our value for the exponent appears to be consistent with that obtained in studies at zero temperature.Comment: 4 pages, LaTeX, 4 postscript figures included. The analysis of the data is now done somewhat differently. The results are consistent with the chaos exponent found at zero temperature. Additional papers of PY can be obtained on-line at http://schubert.ucsc.edu/pete

Thermal Fluctuations in d-wave Layered Superconductors

We study the thermal fluctuations of anisotropic order parameters (OP) in layered superconductors. In particular, for copper oxides and a d-wave OP, we present some experimental consequences of fluctuations in the direction normal to the layers. It is shown that the c-axis penetration depth $\lambda_c$ can have a "disorder-like" quadratic temperature dependence at low temperature. The fluctuations are analyzed in the framework of a Lawrence-Doniach model with an isotropic Fermi surface. Anisotropies pin the orientation of the OP to the crystallographic axes of the lattice. Then we study an extended t-J model that fits Fermi suface data of bilayers $YBCO$ and $BSCCO$. This leads to a d-wave OP with two possible orientations and, including the thermal fluctuations, yields the announced temperature dependence of $\lambda_c$. Furthermore a reservoir layer is introduced. It implies a finite density of states at the Fermi energy which is successfully compared to conductance and specific heat measurements.Comment: 21 pages, Latex, 3 uuencoded figure

Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (3rd edition)

In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. For example, a key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process versus those that measure fl ux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the complete process including the amount and rate of cargo sequestered and degraded). In particular, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation must be differentiated from stimuli that increase autophagic activity, defi ned as increased autophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (inmost higher eukaryotes and some protists such as Dictyostelium ) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is especially important that investigators new to the fi eld understand that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more autophagy. In fact, in many cases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block in trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in autophagosome biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in degradative activity. It is worth emphasizing here that lysosomal digestion is a stage of autophagy and evaluating its competence is a crucial part of the evaluation of autophagic flux, or complete autophagy. Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to monitor autophagy. Along these lines, because of the potential for pleiotropic effects due to blocking autophagy through genetic manipulation it is imperative to delete or knock down more than one autophagy-related gene. In addition, some individual Atg proteins, or groups of proteins, are involved in other cellular pathways so not all Atg proteins can be used as a specific marker for an autophagic process. In these guidelines, we consider these various methods of assessing autophagy and what information can, or cannot, be obtained from them. Finally, by discussing the merits and limits of particular autophagy assays, we hope to encourage technical innovation in the field

Genomic Dissection of Bipolar Disorder and Schizophrenia, Including 28 Subphenotypes

publisher: Elsevier articletitle: Genomic Dissection of Bipolar Disorder and Schizophrenia, Including 28 Subphenotypes journaltitle: Cell articlelink: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2018.05.046 content_type: article copyright: © 2018 Elsevier Inc